Can I Play Golf With A Herniated Disc?}

Submitted by: Patrick Foote

Should someone with a diagnosed herniated disc play golf? The short answer: probably not. As with so many medical conditions, however, there is a caveat to that answer. Not all herniated discs produce symptoms, and those that do might not be debilitating. And even though it may seem counter-intuitive, eliminating physical activity is not necessarily a good way to respond to neck or back pain associated with spinal nerve compression. That said, common sense dictates that someone suffering the effects of a degenerative spine condition should think carefully before hitting the links.

Doctor-Patient Communication is Key

Of course, if youve already been diagnosed with a herniated disc, chances are you know that the nerve compression symptoms associated with the condition (pain, tingling, numbness, weakness, spasms) usually can be managed with a regimen of conservative (non-operative) treatment. If youre an avid golfer, theres even a chance you may have asked your doctor to gear your treatment plan toward getting you back on the course as soon as possible. You may have been prescribed a course of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), painkillers, and muscle relaxants, or you may have been sent to a physical therapist to work on improving your body mechanics and posture. Either way, once youve begun your course of treatment, its vital to maintain an open line of communication with your physician. Let him or her know what works and what doesnt, and be sure to report any changes for the better or for the worse in your symptoms.

[youtube]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dY8WEMm_ZzI[/youtube]

Ways to Avoid a Herniated Disc

The aging process takes a toll on the intervertebral discs, and over time the discs can dehydrate, become brittle, and lose height. If a discs outer wall becomes torn, the gel-like inner nucleus material can leak into the spinal canal. This is a herniated disc. How does a discs outer wall become torn? It can be a product of everyday wear and tear, but the twisting, turning, and bending associated with sports like golf also can accelerate the process. In order to avoid the onset of a disc herniation, its important for golfers to physically prepare themselves to play. That means proper stretching, a warm-up period on the range, and even focusing on general physical fitness away from the course.

Many golf pros recommend regular trips to the gym to maintain the physical fitness required to enjoy the game for life. Weight training, reps on an elliptical machine, laps in a swimming pool, and time on a treadmill are all good ways to attain peak physical condition. The only caveat? Always consult with a physician before beginning a new exercise regimen.

Fortunately, symptoms from a herniated disc usually subside after a few days or weeks of conservative treatment. However, if chronic symptoms persist after several months of treatment, or if the herniated disc causes a rare emergency situation like cauda equina syndrome, surgery might become an option. Talk to your doctor about your limitations if you are diagnosed with disc herniation, and be sure to research all of your surgical options if conservative treatment proves ineffective.

About the Author: Patrick Foote is the Director of eBusiness at Laser Spine Institute, the leader in endoscopic spine surgery. Laser Spine Institute specializes in safe and effective outpatient procedures for the treatment of

herniated discs

and several other spinal conditions.

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Egypt protests: Army say they will not use force on demonstrators as Mubarak announces cabinet

Tuesday, February 1, 2011

The president of Egypt has suffered a “devastating blow” after the country’s army announced they would not use force against their own people, who continue to protest against the government tonight. The news came hours after six journalists who reported on the protests were released from custody.

Hosni Mubarak yesterday announced a new cabinet, which does not include several figures who protesters largely do not approve of. Analysts have, however, suggested little had changed within the government; many positions, they say, are filled with military figures.

To the great people of Egypt, your armed forces, acknowledging the legitimate rights of the people … have not and will not use force against the Egyptian people.

In a statement broadcast on state media in Egypt, the army said: “To the great people of Egypt, your armed forces, acknowledging the legitimate rights of the people … have not and will not use force against the Egyptian people.” A BBC correspondent in Cairo said the announcement meant it “now seems increasingly likely that the 30-year rule of Mr Mubarak is drawing to a close.”

“The presence of the army in the streets is for your sake and to ensure your safety and wellbeing. The armed forces will not resort to use of force against our great people,” the statement added. “Your armed forces, who are aware of the legitimacy of your demands and are keen to assume their responsibility in protecting the nation and the citizens, affirms that freedom of expression through peaceful means is guaranteed to everybody.”

Earlier today, six journalists from the independent news network Al-Jazeera were released from custody after being detained by police. The U.S. State Department criticized the arrests; equipment was reportedly confiscated from the journalists.

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Egyptian officials yesterday ordered the satellite channel to stop broadcasting in the country. Al-Jazeera said they were “appalled” by the government’s decision to close its Egyptian offices, which they described as the “latest attack by the Egyptian regime to strike at its freedom to report independently on the unprecedented events in Egypt.”

In a statement, the news agency added: “Al-Jazeera sees this as an act designed to stifle and repress the freedom of reporting by the network and its journalists. In this time of deep turmoil and unrest in Egyptian society it is imperative that voices from all sides be heard; the closing of our bureau by the Egyptian government is aimed at censoring and silencing the voices of the Egyptian people.”

On Friday, Wikinews reported the government had shut off practically all Internet traffic both out of and into the nation, as well as disrupting cellphone usage. A spokesperson for the social networking website Facebook said “limiting Internet access for millions of people is a matter of concern for the global community.”

A reported 50,000 campaigners, who are demanding the long-time leader step down and complaining of poverty, corruption, and oppression, filled Tahrir Square in Cairo today, chanting “We will stay until the coward leaves.” It is thought 100 people have so far died in the demonstrations. Today there have been protests in Suez, Mansoura, Damanhour, and Alexandria.

Speaking to news media in the area, many protesters said the new cabinet did little to quell their anger. “We want a complete change of government, with a civilian authority,” one said. Another added: “This is not a new government. This is the same regime—this is the same bluff. [Mubarak] has been bluffing us for 30 years.”

In Tahrir Square today, protesters played music as strings of barbed wire and army tanks stood nearby. Demonstrators scaled light poles, hanging Egyptian flags and calling for an end to Mubarak’s rule. “One poster featured Mubarak’s face plastered with a Hitler mustache, a sign of the deep resentment toward the 82-year-old leader they blame for widespread poverty, inflation and official indifference and brutality during his 30 years in power,” one journalist in the square reported this evening.

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Wikinews interviews Joe Schriner, Independent U.S. presidential candidate

Saturday, April 17, 2010

Journalist, counselor, painter, and US 2012 Presidential candidate Joe Schriner of Cleveland, Ohio took some time to discuss his campaign with Wikinews in an interview.

Schriner previously ran for president in 2000, 2004, and 2008, but failed to gain much traction in the races. He announced his candidacy for the 2012 race immediately following the 2008 election. Schriner refers to himself as the “Average Joe” candidate, and advocates a pro-life and pro-environmentalist platform. He has been the subject of numerous newspaper articles, and has published public policy papers exploring solutions to American issues.

Wikinews reporter William Saturn? talks with Schriner and discusses his campaign.

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Looted, possibly contaminated body parts transplanted into USA, Canadian patients

Monday, March 20, 2006

Fears of contaminated bone and skin grafts are being felt by unsuspecting patients following the revelation that funeral homes may have been looting corpses.

Janet Evans of Marion, Ohio was told by her surgeon, “The bone grafts you got might have been contaminated”. She reacted with shock, “I was flabbergasted because I didn’t even know what he was talking about. I didn’t know I got a bone graft until I got this call. I just thought they put in screws and rods.”

The body of Alistair Cooke, the former host of Masterpiece Theatre, was supposedly looted along with more than 1,000 others, according to two law enforcement officials close to the case. The tissue taken was typically skin, bone and tendon, which was then sold for use in procedures such as dental implants and hip replacements. According to authorities, millions of dollars were made by selling the body parts to companies for use in operations done at hospitals and clinics in the United States and Canada.

A New Jersey company, Biomedical Tissue Services, has reportedly been taking body parts from funeral homes across Brooklyn, New York. According to ABC News, they set up rooms like a “surgical suite.” After they took the bones, they replaced them with PVC pipe. This was purportedly done by stealth, without approval of the deceased person or the next of kin. 1,077 bodies were involved, say prosecutors.

Investagators say a former dentist, Michael Mastromarino, is behind the operation. Biomedical was considered one of the “hottest procurement companies in the country,” raking in close to $5 million. Eventually, people became worried: “Can the donors be trusted?” A tissue processing company called LifeCell answered no, and issued a recall on all their tissue.

Cooke’s daughter, Susan Cooke Kittredge, said, “To know his bones were sold was one thing, but to see him standing truncated before me is another entirely.” Now thousands of people around the country are receiving letters warning that they should be tested for infectious diseases like HIV or hepatitis. On February 23, the Brooklyn District Attorney indicted Mastromarino and three others. They are charged with 122 felony counts, including forgery and bodysnatching.

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What Is Physical Therapy

What is Physical Therapy by Amy Nutt..Physiotherapy, also known as physical therapy, is a health related field that strives to enable individuals who were physically injured or whose bodies have degenerated due to aging or disease to function as much as they can without assistance. This often involves an interaction with the medical practitioner and patient that incorporates physical therapy equipment or training exercises for muscles that may have been harmed for a number of medical reasons.The medical professionals who work within this field are often identified as physical therapists. Many of these practitioners receive years of education before obtaining a license to practice. PT disciplines are also multifaceted and diverse, ranging from geriatric to orthodontic. Certified therapists are reregistered with the American Physical Therapy Association, and undergo vigorous scrutiny prior to be accepting into the board.Physical therapy fieldsSome physical therapists work within hospitals or centers while others are contractors who work independent of a facility. The kind of physical therapist you work with will greatly depend on what kind of injury or ailment you are addressing. Orthopedic therapistThis type of therapists deals with injury or disease of the musculoskeletal system. With the use of physical therapy equipment, a therapist may retrain a client on the fundamentals of walking after multiple leg fractures or enable them to regain the use of their hands after invasive surgeries. Simple physical training supplies, like hot cold compresses may be used for sprains or mild fractures.Geriatric/Pediatric therapistGeriatric physical therapists work with the elderly while pediatric physical therapist work with babies and children. Both specialists are familiar with diseases that afflict their particular group and their training is geared to help target problems associated with those illnesses. For example, a pediatric therapist may help a child with a curvature of the spine to learn to walk with a brace while a geriatric therapist helps senior citizens cope with arthritis or aggravations from various replacement surgeries. Neurological therapistA neurological patient often relies on the expertise of a physic therapist in this field to combat issues associated with neurological damage. Brain or spinal cord injury and in born issues like MS or Parkinson’s are often dealt with by these specialists. Often these types of practitioners work with people who have been paralyzed and are unable to walk. Physical therapy supplies like electronic muscle stimulators may be used by these therapist to stimulate blood flow and keep the muscles from atrophying.Massage therapist Practitioners of this particular health discipline must keep massage therapy equipment current and up to date. More often than not, individual masseuses work as independent contractors and have to buy their own massage therapy supplies. Again, these individuals have to be fully licensed and board certified even if they are not affiliated with a specific center. A masseuse who works within a medical establishment will have access to state of the art massage therapy equipment, although they still may have to pay for a few of their own massage therapy supplies.The Role of familyA good portion of physical therapy success is based on the mental attitude of the patient. This is where family can come in. The physical therapist will show the patient what steps they need to take to ensure a positive outcome. In turn, the family has to be there for the patient and help keep their spirits up so that they fight to get back to a place of wholeness after a tremendous physical set back.Remember, when looking for physical therapist, be sure to check and see if they went to an accredited school and are board certified. Even a masseuse should be well trained, whether they have to provide their own massage therapy supplies or not.In the end, the over all goal of physical therapy is to increase the fitness and well being of the patient post surgery or after an accident or prolonged, debilitating illness.Source1 is the web’s leading supplier of physical therapy and massage therapy supplies including massage tables and massage chairs. Article Source: eArticlesOnline.com

[youtube]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zKXcyqKi-DA[/youtube]

Cadillac unveils Obama’s ‘Beast’, the 2009 Presidential State Car

Saturday, January 17, 2009

The US Secret Service has released the first photos Wednesday of the new presidential limousine that will transport Barack Obama down Pennsylvania Avenue next Tuesday as part of the 56th Presidential inaugural parade after he is sworn in at the Capitol. The First Limo – the 2009 Cadillac Presidential Limousine – will replace President Bush’s Cadillac DTS Presidential Limousine that rolled out in 2004.

Nicknamed “The Beast”, the hulking machine is a new model year 2009, modified limousine. According to General Motors, the new “2009 Cadillac Presidential Limousine” is the first not to carry a specific model name. The Obama Mobile was introduced on January 14 with noticeably different styling borrowed from the Cadillac Escalade and STS, while the suspension is most likely related to the Chevrolet Kodiak medium-duty truck.

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Mr. David Caldwell of General Motors has revealed that the sleek black car would include a hand-crafted interior and “state of the art electronics.” The car’s high-tech security features include five-inch-thick (12.7-centimeter-thick) bombproof glass, tough-as-nails tires, and a sealed interior that’s invulnerable to chemical attack. The armoured limousine has been heavily modified to withstand potential attacks by weapons or bombs. The San Francisco Chronicle puts it in a proper perspective noting, “a half-inch of transparent armor is enough to stop a .44 Magnum round at point-blank range; at a thickness of 1 1/4 to 1 1/2 inches, the same material can withstand higher-velocity bullets fired from military assault rifles.”

According to spy photographer, Brenda Priddy, and General Motors, the limousine, which has the intricate, dual-textured grille, is also equipped with standard Goodyear Regional RHS truck tires in a 285/70R19.5 size, on 19.5-inch wheels. The rims have a run-flat device (manufactured by Hutchinson Industries). Xenon headlights from the Escalade are installed in the front, while the rear has some STS part. The doors are at least 20 centimeters (8 inches) thick. It carries the US flag on the front fenders and an embroidered Seal of the President of the United States is affixed to several panels in the back.

According to the US Secret Service, the vehicle would be a “valuable asset” in providing the President with the highest level of protection. “Although many of the vehicle’s security enhancements cannot be discussed, it is safe to say that this car’s security and coded communications systems make it the most technologically advanced protection vehicle in the world,” Nicholas Trotta, Assistant Director for the Office of Protective Operations said in a statement. The new limousine is the responsibility of White House Transportation Agency.

One of the specifications is that we don’t talk about the specifications.

The Presidential State Car is the official state car used by the President of the United States. It is informally known as “Cadillac One”. The current Presidential State Car is a 2005 hand-crafted, armored, and stretched DTS (DeVille Touring Sedan) built on a GM four-wheel drive platform. It was first used on the second inauguration parade of George W. Bush in 2005. But the version to be used by President Obama uses a GMC Topkick chassis, while maintaining the Cadillac exterior.

The President of the United States travels in one of two armoured Cadillac limousines based upon the normal sedan, the Cadillac DTS, with heavy customisation. Lincoln cars have also been used in the past, most notably by President John F Kennedy. The current limousines were custom-built by O’Gara, Hess and Eisenhart, founded in Fairfield, Ohio in 1942. It specializes in armouring limousines for presidents and heads of state.

President William McKinley was the first US president to ride in an automobile. However, it was President Theodore Roosevelt who rode on the first government-owned car, a white Stanley Steamer. Roosevelt’s successor, William Howard Taft, was the first president to use a presidential state car that was permanently stored in the White House garage.

Meanwhile, Obama’s 2005 Chrysler 300C Hemi was auctioned on eBay with a starting bid of $100,000 and a buy-it-now price of $1,000,000. It has less than 21,000 miles on it and is in like-new condition. He leased the car in 2004 and traded it for a Ford Escape Hybrid in 2007. The car was sold to Tim O’Boyle.

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Ontario Votes 2007: Interview with Green Party candidate Lloyd Helferty, Thornhill

Sunday, October 7, 2007

Lloyd Helferty is running for the Green Party of Ontario in the Ontario provincial election, in the Thornhill riding. Wikinews’ Nick Moreau interviewed him regarding his values, his experience, and his campaign.

Stay tuned for further interviews; every candidate from every party is eligible, and will be contacted. Expect interviews from Liberals, Progressive Conservatives, New Democratic Party members, Ontario Greens, as well as members from the Family Coalition, Freedom, Communist, Libertarian, and Confederation of Regions parties, as well as independents.

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Australian man allegedly ignites carpet, plastic with static electricity

Saturday, September 17, 2005

A story about a man carrying over 30,000 (sometimes reported as 40,000) volts of static electricity in his body, allegedly generated by a wool sweater and nylon jacket combination, is circulating through major news outlets. The story, carried first by the Warrnambool Standard, says that the man, Frank Clewer, a 58-year old cleaner from Dennington, involuntarily created a scene by causing fire departments to evacuate three buildings where he had left his mark, before he realized he was causing the burn marks on carpets and allowed the fire department to help him.

The story has been picked up by The Register, Guardian, BBC, USA Today, Reuters, local agencies of ABC, the San Francisco Chronicle, and other news outlets.

Several unanswered objections mark the story as a possible hoax:

  • Clewer enters and exits his car several times in the story — if he opened the car by touching its presumably metal lock, he would surely release some electricity into the car through his hand; everyone has at some point experienced the painful shock of touching a door handle or car keys to a lock. Though the car might not be grounded, it would still be at a lower potential and thus energy would be transferred. This would be noticeable; the story does not comment that Clewer understood what was happening to him.
  • Firefighters supposedly “used a device to check static electricity on him and his belongings.” While firefighters would be likely to carry a high-voltage multimeter around to measure the current and voltage ratings of downed power lines, it is unlikely that the same device could measure such a large voltage resulting from a very small amount of static energy without de-electrifying it.
  • For such a large voltage to be stored, humidity would have to have been extremely low on that day for the air around him not to ionize and source current, removing the static energy.
  • If he was carrying such a large voltage, his hair would probably have stood on end, as this is a notable effect when one touches a Van de Graaf generator. Note: It is uncertain at what voltage this effect begins, and since Van de Graaf machines routinely exceed Megavolts of electric potential, this may not be a verifiable objection.
  • This statement: “Firefighters took possession of Clewer’s jacket and stored it in the courtyard of the fire station, where it continued to give off a strong electrical current.” (Reuters UK) First, there is no reason they would need to take possession of the jacket — the static electricity could be dealt with by simply dumping water on it. Second, the jacket could not “give off” an electric current without some continuous source of energy, which, in storage, is impossible. It is possible that the jacket could hold a voltage, but the effects of this would not be visible — if they were, they would be short-lived as the jacket would lose its static energy. In any event, the current would be miniscule.
  • The amount of energy stored on Clewer’s person and possessions could not have been more than a few Joules; this is unlikely to have burned carpet.

The equation for stored energy in capacitors is:

U = ( C × V 2 ) / 2 {\displaystyle U=(C\times V^{2})/2}

Where U = energy, C = capacitance, and V = voltage. A human body by itself typically has a capacitance of around 250 pF, which would mean a voltage of 30,000 V would produce energy of 0.11 joules. Even if Clewer’s possessions resulted in a parallel capacitance of 1 microfarad, this would still only result in an energy storage of 450 J. This amount of energy would be insufficient to burn carpet or char plastic, although a spark could ignite flammable vapor or gas.

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Horse Lessons: How To Mount And Ride Your Horse

Submitted by: Annabelle Cabella

Do you need to find out how to mount and ride your horse? It should be easy and fun if you know how to do it right. That s what we re here for! To teach you how to easily and correctly mount and ride your equine!

Mounting your horse and experiencing the first ride is a good feeling. For many folks, the ultimate objective is to ride a horse that you ve trained. Any one who s experienced this huge bond, knows why the horse-human relationship is one of the very best partnerships available.

As we ve covered in earlier lessons, before riding the equine, you ought to be able to communicate effectively with the pet on the ground. Up to this point in the course, we ve covered many of these concepts, even so, in this lesson, we re going to dive in even deeper so that you turn out to be a master.

In this mounting and riding lesson, you re going to discover,

– Body positioning, and how to use it to your advantage.

– The correct motions for getting on and off of your horses.

– What you should do with your hands and what you ll communicate to the horse using different hand motions.

– How to prompt your equine to begin moving when and to where you desire.

– How to steer clear of unsafe distractions that could hurt you or the horse.

[youtube]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0aA4seB6ou8[/youtube]

– How to balance while riding so that you don t have any mishaps during riding.

– What to do while you re in the saddle.

So dive in and get started! You re going to be surprised at how complete this lesson on mounting and riding is.

Action Plan:

Make sure you are in a safe place, like the round pen for your first journey on the horse! You need to position your body properly once you are about to mount the equine. You should be aware of your stance and mindset. Don t mount on the downhill if you are short or a beginner. Except if you have a particular medical situation or limitation, the end objective should be you being capable to mount the equine in any circumstance from the saddle. The mounting block makes it easier for you, is much better for your saddle and is easier on your equine s back, but is not a tool you should become used to using.

Getting on the horse is traditionally accomplished on the left side but you should be able to do it on both sides. It is critical that you have trained your equine to stand still while you are trying to mount an additional reason why desensitization is quite important. Make sure all your tack is fit correctly and that the horse is desensitized, familiar with all stimulus and familiar with carrying dead weight before you attempt to mount.

Place your body beside the equine s shoulder and as you are about to mount, be aware of where your hands are. Avoid developing the bad habit of grabbing the saddle horn to pull your self up on the equine. It s all about balance without putting the horse in any discomfort as much as possible. It is possible to take the reigns in one hand using a bit of mane, but do not use them as the primary force to pull yourself up. Certainly do not land hard in the seat. Always ensure your motions are fluid and controlled.

Riding like a true horseman:

Ensure that every little thing is in order just before you prompt the horse to be in motion. Take it slowly at the start and once you sense that the equine is responsive to your indicators and is used to carrying the additional weight, it is easy to increase the speed. You need to ensure you have complete control at every speed before you move on to a quicker pace.

For example, if you are walking your equine and it is not responding to the cues for a left-hand turn correctly, you have to make sure that you are asking correctly and the horse understands what s asked of it. After that, once you have confirmed you are asking right, give the equine time to learn the maneuver before moving on to another lesson.

Avoid anything that can distract the equine like other groups of horses when it s new to the feeling of you on its back. It can get caught up in the energy or distraction and wont provide you with its full attention, which is essential once you re laying the ground work.

The weight of the rider is not a dead weight like the saddle. Rather, your weight is like a balance weight that will work for or in opposition to the equine s own balance. Work to improve your balance till it is 2nd nature to you and the equine. Doing so is called gaining your seat in the equestrian world. Apart from that, you have to improve the horse s responsiveness to the cues as it is the primary objective of training.

First: Make sure the tack is on correctly before you ride

– Check all straps for twists and material for burs. Ensure the tack fits correctly and is comfortable for the horse.

– Check all tack for sturdiness and functionality. Be mindful of what shape your tack is in and maintenance all necessities at once.

2nd: Tack Desensitization

1. Tack up your horse properly.

2. Put the equine through all his groundwork while he s tacked up.

3. Once comfy moving with the tack, you are now prepared to ride.

4. Help your horse to get used to your weight and cues at different speeds.

Third:Ride!

Now you should be riding! If the horse balks or is disagreeable with anything you do, take a step back and ask where the miscommunication is. Ensure the horse responds to all instructions at lower rates of speed before increasing your speed.

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Chrysler files for bankruptcy, Fiat Group SpA to run company

Friday, May 1, 2009

The American auto company Chrysler filed for bankruptcy Thursday, however a deal with European auto maker Fiat went through. The emerging Chrysler will be owned 55 percent by the United Auto Workers, eight percent by the United States Government, two percent by the Canadian Government and Fiat would begin with a 20 percent share.

Chrysler Chief Executive Robert Nardelli will step down when the bankruptcy proceedings are finalized.

Initially, the Italian company, Fiat, will appoint three members on the emerging Chrysler’s new board, and the United States government will appoint six. Fiat can assume the majority of the ownership upon repayment of American loans.

Chrysler administrators expect that the bankruptcy should take a couple of months.

“We expect this to be a very short, 30-to-60-day bankruptcy process, during which the company will function normally,” a top administration official said, “People will be able to buy cars, they will have their warranties honored, and everything should go on normally.”

The bankruptcy filing indicated that Chrysler was in debt to 20 creditors to a tune of more than $10 million each.

Meanwhile, the deal with Fiat did go through, and Chrysler should have cars designed by Fiat out on the market by 2011.

“It’s a partnership that will give Chrysler a chance not only to survive, but to thrive in a global auto industry,” said American president Obama, “Fiat has demonstrated that it can build the clean, fuel-efficient cars that are the future of the industry.”

However, automotive analyst Erich Merkle has hesitations.

“History would show that alliances really don’t work that well,” Merkle said, “even though, no matter how good they may look on paper.”

The restructuring has been managed by Steve Rattner, a former investment banker, and the U.S. Government auto task force.

Obama has set three ultimatums before Fiat. Fiat should produce a 40 mile per gallon vehicle while managing the new Chrysler, transfer fuel efficient Fiat technology to Chrysler factories in the United States, and produce cars in Chrysler factories and distribute them in Europe.

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